తెలుగు MONTHS

తెలుగు నెలలు

A month (or maasa)comprises two fortnights (period of 15 days), called pakshas, separated by the Full Moon day. Each month consists of two Pakshas. If the Pakshamu ends in New Moon, it is known as Krishna Pakshamu, period of waning Moon. If it ends in Full Moon, it is Sukla Pakshamu, period of waxing Moon.
The name of the month is derived from the name of the star lying nearest the Full Moon. For example, the full moon usually occurs near star Chitta during April. Therefore, April is chaitra maasa, derived from the Telugu name for star chittha. Incidentally, chaitra is the first month of the Telugu year. The following is a list of all telugu month names.

Telugu Maasa English Month

చైత్రం(chaitram) March-April

వైశాఖము (Vaisaakhamu) April-May

జ్యేష్టము (Jyestamu) May-June
ఆషాడం(Aashaadhamu) June-July
శ్రావణము (Shraavanamu) July-August
భాద్రపదము(Bhaadhrapadamu) August-September
ఆశ్వయుజము(Aaswayujamu) September-October
కార్తీకము(Kaarthikamu) October-November
మార్గశిరము(Maargasiramu) November-December
పుష్యము(Pushyamu) December-January
మాఘము(Maaghamu) January-February
ఫాల్గుణము(Phaalgunamu) February-March

The Telugu calendar is linked to the movement of the Sun through the Zodiac, which determines the year and several important festivals, and the movement of the Moon around the Earth, which defines the days and the months.
Telugu Dates

The day, called the Thithi, is determined from the phase of the Moon. For example, day 1 is the first day after the new moon and is called Paadyami, day 2 is the second day after the new moon and is called Vidiya and so on.

Date Day of the month
పాడ్యమి (Paadyami) First
విదియ(Vidiya) Second
తదియ(Thadiya) Third
చవితి (Chavithi) Fourth
పంచమి (Panchami) Fifth
షష్టి (Shashti) Sixth
సప్తమి (Sapthami) Seventh
అష్టమి (Ashtami) Eighth
నవమి (Navami) Ninth
దశమి(Dasami) Tenth
ఏకాదశి (Ekaadasi) Eleventh
ద్వాదశి(Dvaadasi) Twelth
త్రయోదశి(Thrayodasi) Thirteenth
చతుర్దశి(Chathurdasi) Fourteenth
పూర్ణిమ(Poornima) Full Moon
అమావాస్య(Amaavaasya) No Moon

Telugu Years

తెలుగు సంవత్సరాలు

The year is defined as 12 months, each of which is of 30 days in length i.e., the year is only 360 days long. Consequently, the calendar falls regularly out of date and is adjusted by introducing an additional month every so often. The additional month, called Adhika Maasa meaning literally an extra month, cycles through all the twelve months. No religious ceremonies or festivals are observed during the adhika maasa. There are 60 such year names and the cycle of years repeats every sixty years starting from Prabhava.
౧.ప్రభవ prabhava
2.విభవ Vibhava
౩.శుక్ల Shukla
౪.ప్రమోదూత Pramodoota
౫. ప్రజోత్పత్తి prajotpatti
౬.అంగీరస Angeerasa
౭.శ్రీముఖ Sreemukha
౮.భావ Bhava
౯. యువ Yuva
౧౦.ధాతు Dhatu
౧౧.ఈశ్వర్ Eeswara
౧౨ బహుధాన్య Bahudhanya
౧౩.ప్రమాది Pramadi
౧౪.విక్రమ(౨౦౦౦-౨౦౦౧)Vikrama(2000-2001)
౧౫.వృష(౨౦౦౧-౨౦౦౨) Vrusha (Vishu) (2001-2002)
౧౬.చిత్రభాను(౨౦౦౨-౨౦౦౩) Chitrabhanu(2002-2003)
౧౭స్వభాను(౨౦౦౩-౨౦౦౪)Svabhanu (2003-2004)
౧౮.తరణ( ౨౦౦౪-౨౦౦౫) Tarana(2004-2005)
౧౯.పార్ధివ(౨౦౦౫-౨౦౦౬) Pardhiva(2005-2006)
20వ్యయ(౨౦౦౬-౨౦౦౭) Vyaya(2006-2007)
౨౧. సర్వజిత్తు(౨౦౦౭-౨౦౦౮) Sarvajittu (2007-2008)
౨౨.సర్వధారి(౨౦౦౮-౨౦౦౯) Sarvadhari(2008 -2009)
౨౩.విరోధి(౨౦౦౯-౨౦౧౦) Virodhi (2009-2010)
౨౪.వికృతి (౨౦౧౦-౨౦౧౧) Vikruti(2010-2011)
౨౫. ఖర(౨౦౧౧-౨౦౧౨) Khara(2011-2012)
౨౬.నందన(౨౦౧౨-34343౨౦౧౩) Nandana(2012-2013)
౨౭.విజయ(౨౦౧౩-౨౦౧౪) Vijaya (2013-2014)
౨౮..జయ(౨౦౧౪-౨౦౧౫) Jaya(2014-2015)
౯.మన్మధ(౨౦౧౫-౨౦౧౬) Manmadha (2015-2016)
౩౦.దుర్ముఖి(౨౦౧౬-౨౦౧౭) Durmukhi (2016-2017)
౩౧.హేవిలంబి(2017-౨౦౧౮) Hevilambi(2017-2018)
౩౨.విలంబి(౨౦౧౮-౨౦౧౯) Vilambi (2018-2019)
౩౩.వికారి(౨౦౧౯-౨౦౨౦) Vikari(2019-2020)
౩౪.శార్వరి(౨౦౨౦-౨౦౨౧) Sharvari(2020-2021)
౩౫.ప్లవ(౨౦౨౧-౨౦౨౨) Plava (2021-2022)
౩౬.శుభకృతు(౨౦౨౨-౨౦౨౩) Shubhakrutu (2022-2023)
౩౭.శోభకృతు(౨౦౨౩-౨౦౨౪) Shobhakrutu(2023-2024)
౩౮.క్రోధి(౨౦౨౪-౨౦౨౫) Krodhi (2024-2025)
౩౯.విశ్వావసు(౨౦౨౫-౨౦౨౬) Vishvaavasu(2025-2026)
౪౦. పరాభవ(౨౦౨౬-౨౦౨౭) Parabhava(2026-2027)
౪౧.ప్లవంగ(౨౦౨౬-౧౯) Plavanga(2027-2028)
౪౨.కీలక(౨౦౨౮-౨౦౨౯) keelaka(2028-2029)
౪౩. సౌమ్య (౨౦౨౯-2030) soumya(2029-2030)
౪౪.సాధారణ(౨౦౩౦-౨౦౩౧) Sadharana(2030-2031)
౪౫.విరోదిక్రుతూ (౨౦౩౧-౨౦౩౨) Virodhikruthu(2031-2032)
౪౬.పరీదని(౨౦౩౨-౨౦౩౩) Pareedhani (2032-2033)
౪౭.ప్రమాదీచ(౨౦౩౩-౨౦౩౪)Pramadeecha(2033-2034)
౪౮.ఆనంద(౨౦౩౪-౨౦౩౫) Ananda(2034-2035)
౪౯.రాక్షస(౨౦౩౫-౨౦౦౩౬) Rakshasa (2035-2036)
౫౦.నల (౨౦౩౬-౨౦౩౭) Nala(2036-2037)
౫౧.పింగల(౨౦౩౭-౨౦౩౮) pingala(2037-2038)
౫౨.కాలయుక్తి (౨౦౩౮-౨౦౩౯) Kalayukthi(2038-2039)
౫౩.సిధర్ది(౨౦౩౯-౨౦౪౦) Siddharthi(2039-2040)
౫౪.రుద్రి (౨౦౪౦-౨౦౪౧) Raudri(2040-2041)
౫౫.దుర్మతి(౨౦౪౧-౨౦౪౨) Durmathi(2041-2042)
౫౬.దుందుభి(౨౦౪౨-౨౦౪౩) Dumdubhi(2042-2043)
౫౭.రుదిరూద్గారి(౨౦౪౩-౨౦౪౪)Rudhiroodgaari(2043-2044)
౫౮.రక్తాక్షి(౨౦౪౪-౨౦౪౫) Raktakshi (2044-2045)
౫౯.క్రోధన(౨౦౪౫-౨౦౪౬) Krodhana(2045-2046)
౬౦.అక్షయ(౨౦౪౬-౨౦౪౭) Akshaya (2046-2047)

Telugu Language
Telugu is a richly developed language and the biggest linguistic unit in India, second only to Hindi. Linguistically, the language has deviated a good deal from its southern sisters – Kannada, Tamil and Malayalam. It is the state language of Andhra Pradesh. It’s an old one too, with origins as early as the 1st century AD, or perhaps even before as one of the later Vedas (700BC) mentions the Andhras, another name for the people of Andhra Pradesh. Early inscriptions of the language date from around the 6th century, but a proper literary career starts five centuries later. The script, almost similar to that of Kannada, took shape in 1000AD from the Pallava script of 7AD.History of Telugu
Most literatures began with translations from Sanskrit. So did Telugu with Nannayabhatta (1020AD), the adikavi or ‘first poet’ of Telugu translating the Mahabharata. It was an unusual translation, with lots of clever innovations but no deviations from the story. But Nannayabhatta couldn’t complete the job. Thikanna came along sometime in the 13th century and furthered it. However, it was Yerrapragada (14th century),who was finally able to clinch it. Nannaya, Tikanna and Yerrapragada are known as the kavitraya or ‘the three great poets’ of Telugu for this mammoth effort. Other such translations followed, like Marana’s Markandeya Purana, Ketana’s Dasakumara Charita, Yerrana’s Harivamsa and others. Shaivite works (in praise of Shiva) like Sivatathwa Sara, Basavapurana and Panditaradhya Charitra were a part of this initial stash too.
By the time the Telugu poets wrote down some original works along with translations, it was almost the end of the 14th century. Slowly but steadily they picked up, some landmarks. Some of the notable being Srinatha’s Sringara Naishadha, Potana’s Dasamaskandha, Jakkana’s Vikramarka Charitra and Talapaka Himmakka’s Subhadra Kalyana. Literary activities flourished, especially during the mighty Vijayanagara emperors. The 16th century was the golden age in the history of Telugu literature, thanks to the king Sri Krishna Deva Raya. The Raja, a poet himself, introduced the prabandha (a kind of love poetry) in Telugu literature in his Amukta Malyada. He had in his court the Ashtadiggajas (literal: eight elephants) who were the greatest of poets of the times. Original verse compositions and stories were written with a new zeal. Of those eight, Allasani Peddana (1510-1575AD) is known as Andhra Kavita Pitamahudu or ‘Grandfather of Andhra Poetry’.
In the following years, poets still wrote their prabandhas. Of the number of poets of the 18th to mid 19th century, the only bright spot was Kankanti Paparaju, whose Uttara Ramayana and the play Vishnumayavilasa were admirable. But other genres bloomed. Innumerable Yakshagana or indigenous dramas of song and prose works were also produced. Tyagaraya of Tanjore (19th century) composed devotional songs in Telugu which form the repertoire of the classical ragas of South India.
Although the first printed Telugu book was out in 1796, it took some time before the modern period in literature set in. Young men acquainted with English literature tried to imitate Shelly, Keats and Wordsworth, and a new type of romantic poetry called the Bhavakavithwa was born. Bengali novelists like Rabindranath Tagore, Bankim Chandra Chatterjee and Ramesh Chandra Dutta were a major influence on modern Telugu fiction. Viresalingam Pantulu (1848-1919) wrote the first novel in Telugu, Rajashekharacharitramu. Other writers joined forces to build modern Telugu literature, like the dramatist Dharmavaram Krishnamachari, Chilakamarti Lakshminarasimham (also called the ‘blind poet of Andhra Desha’) the poets and dramatists Gurujada Apparavu and Krishnamacharlu.
The literary group Sahiti Samiti was set up in 1921, and their ‘progressive and rationalist’ journal Sahiti was followed by several others. Even now many writers preferred the old traditional style, like Tirupati Venkata Kavulu, Sripada Krishnamurthy Shastry and Vavilakolanu Subbarao. The other school was that of the Neo-classicist group of Sri Vishwanatha, Katuri, Pingali, Gadiyaram, Gurram Joshua and others. Today the drama, novel, short story, essay and criticism in Telugu have reached high standards.

MANA RELATIONS

RELATIONS IN TELUGU

Telugu Word Meaning in English

First Relations

Amma:Mother

Thalli:Mother

Thandri: Father

Naanna: Father

Puthrudu: Son

Amaayi: Daughter

Putrika: Daughter

Koothuru: Daughter
Agrajudu: Eldest Brother

Anna: Elder Brother

Annayya: Elder Brother

Annaai: Elder Brother

Sodharudu: Brother

Thammudu: Younger Brother

Akka: Elder Sister
Akkai: Elder Sister
Akkayya: Elder Sister

Sodhari: Sister

Chelli: Younger Sister
Chellelu: Younger Sister
Avida: Wife
Bhaarya: Wife

Pellaam:Wife

Sreemathi: Wife
Bhartha: Husband
Mogudu: Husband
Sreevaru: Husband
Vaaru :Husband

Second Relations
Ammamma: Grand Mother (Mother's mother)

Jejamma: Grand mother (Father's mother)

NanaAmma: Grand mother (Father's mother)
Naayanamma: Father's mother

Jejaiah: Grand father (Father's father)

Thatha: Grand father (Father's father)
Thaathaiah: Grand Father (Mother's father or Father's father)
Jeji Naanna: Grand father (Father's father)

Aamma:Mother's Elder sister/fathers eldest sister-in-law

Pedamma: Mother's Elder sister/fathers eldest sister-in-law

Chinnamma: Mother's younger sister, Father's younger sister-in-law
Pinni:Mother's younger sister, Father's younger sister-in-law

Aayya: Father's elder brother. Mother's elder Brother-in-law
Pedananna: Father's elder brother. Mother's elder Brother-in-law

Chinnanna: Father's younger brother, Mother's younger brother-in-law

Baabaai:Father's younger brother, Mother's younger Brother-in-law

Attha: Aunt.

Menattha:Father's sister
Atthagaru:Wife's mother/ Husband's mother

Maamagaru: Wife's father, Husband's father

Maamayya:Uncle

Menamaama:Mother's brother, Meternal uncle
Baava: Sister's Husband. Wife's Brother

Maridi :Husbands younger brother.
Bava Maridi: Wifes brother/sisters husband
Maradalu:Younger brother's wife. Sister-in-law(Younger), Wifes younger sister.

Vadina: Elder brother's wife. Sister-in-law (elder). Wife's elder sister

Third Relations
Mutthatha: Great grand father, Grand father's father, Grand mother's father, Father's grand father
Thaathamma: Great grand mother, Grand mother's mother,Grand father's mother, Mother's grand mother.

Telugu was referred as `Tenugu' in the past. Some say that`Telugu' is arrvied from`Trilinga' (Sanskrit meaning three `lingas'). A general description of the land of the Telugus was made in the medieval times as `the land marked by three lingas of the three famous shrines of Draksharamam (East Godavari district), Kaleswaram (Karimnagar district) and Srisailam (Kurnool district).
Telugu is the most widely spoken language of the Dravidian family which consists of 24 languages spanning the entire South-Asia, from Baluchistan to Sri Lanka. In terms of population, Telugu ranks second to Hindi among the Indian languages. According to the 1981* Census, Telugu is spoken by over 45 million in Andhra Pradesh. It has also spread to the other parts of the globe, i.e., Burma, Indo-China, South-Africa and the U.S.A. Being a mellifluous language, it is called, by its admirers as the `Italian of the East'.
Telugu originated from the Proto-Dravidian language. It probably split from Proto-Dravidian between 1500 BCE and 1000 BCE, which was roughly the same time the Tamil language became distinct in terms of literary activity. Telugu belongs to the Central Dravidian language subfamily, whose members originated from the Proto-Dravidian spoken in the central part of the Deccan plateau. Other languages of the central group include the rustic Gondi, Konda, Kui and Kuvi languages, all of which are linguistically closest to Telugu.

Telugu literature is generally divided into six periods:
pre-1020Bc pre-Nannayya period
1020–1400 Age of the Puranas
1400–1510 Age of Srinatha
1510–1600 Age of the Prabandhas
1600–1820 Southern period
1820 to date Modern period
In the earliest period there were only inscriptions from 575 CE onwards. Nannaya's (1022-1063) translation of the Sanskrit Mahabharata into Telugu is the piece of Telugu literature as yet discovered. After the death of Nannaya, there was a kind of social and religious revolution in the Telugu country
Tikkana (thirteenth century) and Yerrapregada (fourteenth century) continued the translation of the Mahabharata started by Nannaya. Telugu poetry also flourished in this period, especially in the time of Srinatha.
During this period, some Telugu poets translated Sanskrit poems and dramas, while others attempted original narrative poems. The popular Telugu literary form called the Prabandha evolved during this period.

Srinatha (1365-1441) was the foremost poet, who popularised this style of composition (a story in verse having a tight metrical scheme). Srinatha's Sringara Naishadham is particularly well-known.

The Ramayana poets may also be referred in this context. The earliest Ramayana in Telugu is generally known as the Ranganatha Ramayana, authored by the chief Gonabudda Reddy. The works of Potana (1450-1510), Jakkana (second half of the fourteenth century) and Gaurana (first half of the fifteenth century) formed a canon of religious poetry during this period. Padakavitha Pithamaha, Annamayya, contributed many original Telugu Patalu to the language.

The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries CE is regarded as the "golden age" of Telugu literature. Krishnadevaraya's Amuktamalayada, and Peddana's Manucharitra are regarded as Mahakavyas. Telugu literature flourished in the south in the traditional "samsthanas" (centres) of Southern literature, such as Madurai and Tanjore. This age is often referred to as the Southern Period. There were also an increasing number of poets in this period among the ruling class, With the conquest of the Deccan by the Mughals in 1687, Telugu literature entered a lull. Tyagaraja's compositions are some of the known works from this period. Then emerged a period of transition (1850-1910), followed by a long period of Renaissance. Europeans like C.P. Brown played an important role in the development of Telugu language and literature. In common with the rest of India, Telugu literature of this period was increasingly influenced by European literary forms like the novel, short story, prose and drama.
Paravastu Chinnayya Soori (1807-1861) is a well-known Telugu writer who dedicated his entire life to the progress and promotion of Telugu language and literature. Sri Chinnayasoori wrote the Bala Vyakaranam in a new style after doing extensive research on Andhra grammar. Other well-known writings by Chinnayasoori are Neetichandrika, Sootandhra Vyaakaranamu, Andhra Dhatumoola, and Neeti Sangrahamu.
Kandukuri Veeresalingam (1848-1919) is generally considered to be the father of modern Telugu literature.His novel Rajasekhara Charitamu was inspired by the Vicar of Wakefield. His work marked the beginning of a dynamic of socially conscious Telugu literature and its transition to the modern period, which is also part of the wider literary renaissance that took place in Indian culture during this period. Other prominent literary figures from this period are Rayaprolu Subba Rao, Gurajada Appa Rao, Viswanatha Satyanarayana, Katuri Venkateswara Rao, Jashuva, Devulapalli Venkata Krishna Sastry, and Sri Sri Puttaparty Narayana Charyulu.Viswanatha Satyanarayana won India's national literary honour, the Jnanpith Award for his Telugu language book Ramayana Kalpavrikshamu.C. Narayana Reddy also received the award for his contributions to Telugu LiteratureKanyasulkam, the first social play in Telugu by Gurajada Appa Rao, was followed by the progressive movement, the free verse movement and the Digambara style of Telugu verse. Other modern Telugu novelists include Unnava Lakshminarayana (Maalapalli), Viswanatha Satyanarayana (Veyi Padagalu), Bulusu Venkateswarulu (Senior) (Bharatiya Tatva Sastram), Bulusu Venkateswarulu (Junior) (YogaVasishtam, Prācīna maharṣulacaritralu.), Kodavatiganti Kutumba Rao and Buchi Babu